Those speech acts attending to the positive face want of a member are considered to be acts of positive politeness, including offer of friendship, compliments, showing direct interest, heartily expressions etc. These include emphasis of social distance, use of apologies, formal language, deference etc. Speech Acts become acts of negative politeness when they match the negative face want of either the speaker or the addressee. Positive face: the wish or desire to gain approval of others. Pragmatics Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's Politeness Theory A major framework that combines these differing politeness strategies has been developed by the two linguists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson. (basic intermediate) Levinson, S.(1983) Pragmatics. Negative face: the wish to be unimpeded by others in one’s actions. The lectures cover the following 1 What is Pragmatics a The meaning of meaning from ENGLISH 19 at. There are two kinds of politeness strategies because there are two kinds of different faces that have to be distinguished: Face in the context of politeness describes the wish of every member of a community to guard his or her face from possible damage through social interferences (Compare: “To loose one’s face” etc.). Their theory leads back to the term of “face” introduced by the sociologist Ervin Goffman. for Levinson, this is an instance of I-implicature.) I will argue that in a large number of cases, local pragmatic enrichment can be modeled as a process.
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